Pulmonary Embolism
What is Pulmonary Embolism and How Can It Be Prevented and Treated?
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening medical condition
caused by a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the
lungs, most commonly resulting from blood clots that travel from
the deep veins of the legs or other parts of the body. This
condition is closely related to deep vein thrombosis (DVT), where
blood clots form in the deep veins and can travel to the lungs,
creating significant health risks. Understanding the causes,
pulmonary embolism symptoms, pulmonary embolism risk
factors, and treatment options is essential for reducing
complications and improving outcomes.
What is Pulmonary Embolism (PE)?
Pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot—or, in rarer cases, air, fat, or amniotic fluid—travels to the lungs, obstructing blood
flow in the pulmonary arteries. This disruption in blood flow can damage lung tissue, decrease oxygen levels in the blood, and place
strain on the heart. Pulmonary embolism can present as an acute pulmonary embolism (sudden onset) or progress into more severe
complications such as pulmonary infarction, chronic pulmonary hypertension, or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
PE is part of a broader condition called venous thromboembolism (VTE disease), which includes both pulmonary emboli and DVT.
Recognizing the early warning signs of a blood clot is crucial, as prompt treatment can be life-saving. The condition arises when
blood clots obstruct blood vessels in the pulmonary system, disrupting oxygen delivery.
What Causes Pulmonary Embolism?
Pulmonary embolism is usually caused by blood clots forming in the deep veins, typically in the legs (a condition called deep vein
thrombosis). These clots can break loose, travel through the bloodstream, and become lodged in the pulmonary artery or its
branches, where they obstruct blood vessels and impede circulation.
Factors that increase the risk of developing blood clots include:
1. Prolonged Immobility
- Bed Rest or Hospitalization: Extended periods of inactivity slow down blood flow in the veins, increasing the likelihood of clot
formation. - Long-Distance Travel: Sitting for hours during flights or car rides can promote clotting.
2. Medical Conditions
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Lung diseases can exacerbate breathing problems and increase susceptibility
to blood clots. - Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Chronic inflammation may raise clotting risks.
- Cancer: Certain cancers and treatments, like chemotherapy, increase the risk of venous thromboembolism.
- Varicose Veins: Poor vein health can contribute to clot formation.
3. Hormonal Factors
- Birth Control Pills and Hormone Replacement Therapy: These increase clotting risks due to changes in clotting factors.
- Pregnancy and Postpartum Period: Increased pressure on pelvic veins heightens clotting risks.
4. Lifestyle and Genetics
- Smoking: Damages the blood vessel wall and promotes clotting.
- Obesity: Extra weight puts pressure on veins, especially in the pelvis and legs.
- Family History: Genetic predisposition to clotting disorders can raise risks.
How is Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosed?
Timely and accurate pulmonary embolism diagnosis is critical to ensure prompt treatment. Diagnosing PE often involves a combination of medical history, physical exam, imaging tests, and blood tests. Common diagnostic methods include:
1. Blood Tests
- D-dimer Test: Measures a substance released when a clot breaks down. Elevated levels suggest clotting but require further confirmation.
- Arterial Blood Gases (ABG): Checks oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
2. Imaging Studies
- CT Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA): A CT pulmonary embolism study that uses contrast dye to visualize blood clots in the pulmonary arteries. This is the gold standard for PE diagnosis.
- Pulmonary Angiography: A more invasive procedure that uses a radioactive substance to detect blockages in the lungs. Often reserved for complex cases.
- Ultrasound: Identifies DVT in the legs, indicating a potential source of PE.
3. Physical Examination and Medical History
Doctors assess pulmonary embolism symptoms and evaluate risk factors such as recent surgery, immobility, or family history of blood clots.
How is Pulmonary Embolism Treated?
Pulmonary embolism treatment aims to prevent further clots,
dissolve the existing blockage, and reduce the risk of
complications like pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary
infarction. Treatment options include:
1. Anticoagulant Drugs (Blood Thinners)
Medications like heparin, warfarin, and direct oral anticoagulants
(DOACs) prevent clots from growing and reduce the risk of new
clot formation. These drugs improve blood flow and allow the
body to naturally break down existing clots.
2. Thrombolytic Therapy
In severe or life-threatening cases of acute pulmonary embolism,
thrombolytic drugs are administered to dissolve clots quickly.
These medications carry a risk of bleeding and are reserved for
critical situations.
3. Surgical or Catheter-Based Interventions
- Pulmonary Thromboembolism Removal (Embolectomy): A
surgical procedure to remove large clots blocking blood flow. - Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filter: This filter catches blood clots
traveling from the lower body to the lungs, particularly in
patients who cannot tolerate anticoagulants.
4. Compression Stockings and Physical Activity
For patients recovering from PE, wearing compression stockings
and engaging leg muscles through movement helps prevent
blood clots from forming again.
How Can Pulmonary Embolism Be Prevented?
Prevention is key, especially for individuals with increased risk of developing clots. Strategies to reduce risks include:
1. Medications
- Antithrombotic Therapy: Preventive use of anticoagulants for high-risk individuals, such as post-surgical patients or those on extended bed
rest.
2. Lifestyle Modifications
- Regular physical activity to promote healthy blood flow.
- Maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding smoking.
- Staying hydrated during long flights and taking breaks to move around.
3. Compression Devices
- Compression Stockings: Improve blood flow in the legs, especially during recovery from surgery or long periods of immobility.
4. Early Recognition and Management
- Addressing DVT symptoms early can prevent clots from traveling to the lungs. Deep vein thrombosis signs include leg swelling, pain, and
redness.
Complications of Pulmonary Embolism
Complications of Pulmonary Embolism
- You’ll lie on an exam table, often on your left side, while wearing a hospital gown.
- A technician applies gel to your chest to help the ultrasound probe transmit sound waves effectively.
- The probe is moved across your chest to capture images of the heart’s chambers, heart walls, and heart valves.
- Some patients may feel slight pressure, but the test is painless and usually takes about an hour.
Transesophageal Echocardiogram
- A sedative will help you relax while the probe is inserted into your esophagus.
- This approach captures more detailed images of the heart’s structures than a transthoracic echocardiogram.
Stress Echocardiogram
- A baseline echocardiogram test is conducted while at rest.
- You’ll then engage in physical activity, such as walking on a treadmill or riding a bike, or receive medication that
simulates exercise. - A second echocardiogram evaluates changes in the heart’s function during stress.
Living with Pulmonary Embolism
Patients recovering from PE must adhere to long-term management strategies, including:
- Medication Compliance: Following anticoagulant regimens to prevent recurrence.
- Regular Monitoring: Periodic testing, such as blood clotting levels or pulmonary angiogram, to evaluate progress.
- Lifestyle Adjustments: Maintaining mobility, managing risk factors like high blood pressure, and addressing
underlying medical conditions.
Emotional and psychological support, including counseling and patient education, can help individuals cope with the
challenges of living with PE.
Key Takeaway
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a serious, life-threatening condition caused by blockages in the pulmonary arteries, typically from
blood clots originating in the legs (deep vein thrombosis). Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, and dizziness, and
the condition requires immediate medical attention. Risk factors include immobility, medical conditions like cancer, hormonal
changes, and lifestyle factors such as smoking and obesity. Prevention focuses on maintaining mobility, using anticoagulants
when needed, and adopting healthy habits. Early detection and timely treatment, including anticoagulants, thrombolytic
therapy, or surgical interventions, can save lives and prevent complications like pulmonary hypertension or lung damage.
Take Control of Your Heart Health Today with Avicenna Cardiology
Your heart deserves the best care. At Avicenna Cardiology, we combine advanced technology, personalized treatments, and
compassionate care to ensure your cardiovascular health is in the best hands. Whether you’re managing a condition, seeking
preventative care, or looking for expert advice, our team is here to support you every step of the way. Don’t wait—your health
matters! Schedule your consultation today or call us at (347) 558-4094 to get started. Your heart is our priority, and we’re here to
help you live a healthier, happier life.
Convenient Manhattan Locations
Avicenna Cardiology offers top-tier cardiovascular care with convenient locations in Midtown and Upper East Side, NYC. Our expert NYC Cardiologists are dedicated to providing personalized treatment plans, ensuring easy access to world-class cardiac care in Manhattan. Whether you visit our Midtown office or our Upper East Side clinic, you can expect comprehensive heart health care tailored to your needs.
Midtown Clinic
- Phone: (347) 558-4094
- Address: 6 East 45th Street, New York, NY 10017
- Clinic Hours: Mon-Fri 8am-7pm, Sat-Sun 10am-5pm
Upper East Side
- Phone: (347) 558-4094
- Address: 115 East 64th Street, New York, NY 10065
- Clinic Hours: Mon-Fri 8am-7pm, Sat-Sun 10am-5pm
Avicenna Cardiologist
Azadeh Beheshtian, MD
Dr. Azadeh Beheshtian is double board-certified in cardiovascular disease and internal medicine by the American Board of Internal Medicine. She specializes in interventional cardiology and peripheral artery disease, with a focus on women’s heart health. In addition to her surgical training, she applies particular emphasis on working with patients to avoid acute cardiac or vascular events. Her approach is one of using thoughtfully prepared care plans that focus on maximizing their health outcomes.
Dr. Jennifer Cruz, D.O.
Dr. Jennifer Cruz is a double board-certified cardiologist who is revolutionizing cardiovascular care. With over a decade of experience, Dr. Cruz has treated a diverse range of patient populations, from those in good health with risk factors for heart disease to critically ill patients requiring heart transplants. She prioritizes attentive, patient-focused care—during consultations, she ensures her full attention is on the patient without distractions from typing or note-taking.
Avicenna Cardiology Patient Reviews
